Vibeless



a W. PICKARDQ APPARATUS FOR MEASURING TELEPHONE CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED JAN. 6. i919.

Fatented D90 9, 191.8,

2 SHEET'SSHEETL TTOR/VE Y I e. w. PICKARD.

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING TELEPHONE CURRENTS.

APPLlCATiON nun JAN. 6, 1919.

Patented D60. 9, 1919.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

ATTORNEY UNITED strarps rnur QFFIGE.

GREEKLEAF wmarmnnrrciiann; OENEWTOINJGENTER, mnssacnuss'r'rs, Assmivoa mohvmumss srncmmyarrana'rus COMPANY, or sos'rou; massacnusnr'rs, A

CORtP NEW YORK m an esron MEASURING rELErHonE-cUitnEN'rs- To ail whom it may? concern; y

Be it known that I, GREENLEAF Wmrrmu 'Picnann, a citizen of the United States of America, anda resident of Newton Center, county. of 'Middlesex, and State of Massachusetts, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Apparatus for Meas I disclose theform'of the inventiomwhic'h I.

nring Telephone-Currents, the principles of which are set forth in. the following specification and accompanying drawings, which now consider to be the best of thevarious forms in which the principles tion may be embodied-3f of the inven- This invention relates to improvements in .measuring the degree of audible eli'ect of t'e phone currents, 2'. e., in measuring their A strength (intensity) 1 relative to each other,

' or in measuringt-he'ir intensity in terms of multiples of suchan operation of the telephone diaphragnras is justbarelyiaudible to the ordinary person. The apparatus for such purpose (invented by, me, but not patentcd) has been termeda. direct reading andibility meter, and the properiunctio'ning of such a meter is of'most particular value in radio communication (telegraphic and conditions of use;

telephonic) wherein the condition cont-rolling the intensity ofthe received signals at a -given station are widely dlfierent at different times, and wherein the ordinary electromagnetic" telephonereceiver is employed as an indi'cator of received s gnals whichhare been v'taansmitted by high frequency lildlQ waves." 4

Tho-fobject of the invention is to produce a; meter by which accuracy of-"measure-ment can he. obtained under all circumstances and 0f the drawings Figure 1 is a diagram- -matic illustration of the invention; Fig. 2

is a sectional elevation showing the construction of. the impedance coils employedtherein; 'Fig. 3 is a plan 'ofa commercial embodiment of the invention, showing the top of the box or casing -f0'r the electrical apparatusj-and Fig. 4 is an elevation of said embodiment, a part of the side of the casing being removed in order 'to indicate the me-'.

chanical disposition of the apparatus inside.

The. currents to be measured are those which flow in the circuit of the main bind ing posts M, M (Fig. 1) of the measuring apparatusor meter, These currents are as I Specification of Letters Patent;

used by merely operating switch S.

They-are those which would be used for Patented Dec. 9, 1919. appiicatioalfiled January 6, 1919. Serial No. 269,774.

the normal receiving operation of telephone T (such as the ord nary electromagnetic ins'trument) in said main circuit 31, M, when the meter is not connected thereto. The teletaining to the meter. In shuntto said tele-' phone Tare impedance coils 0 9, which are controlled by a switch .8 operating over switch-points 115.

tacts with point 1, no'impedance coils are in circuit, and telephone T will operate as'in its'normal receiving use; therefore, if'desired, the meter may be left men-(Impermanently, with the telephone connected for normal use in the receiving circuit, provided phone T shown as connected to the meter' 'hen switch S-conthe switch S be on point 1, so'that the telephone may be used as normally, and so that at any deslred moment the meter may be "In the use of the meter the operator listens in as usualat telephon T. but he also moves 4 switch S over points 1-20' until the sound made by the telephone diaphragm is just barely audible. which indicates that all the Y current not traversing the telephone and causing that slight sound is flowing through the shunt (1-5 The numbering on the particular switch-point with which switch S at that time contacts will indicate the meas-; ure of the total currentsupplied in terms of audibility. 2'. 0., will indicate the multiples of its ability to just audihlv vibrate the tele phonediaphragm. A position of switch 8 on- SWltCll point 1, or on any other SWltClt point, indicates the degree of audibility of.

the total supplied current at that time, only .when' the sound from the telephone is just i" barely audible under those conditions.

telephone is being used for ordinary receivmg. its respons to signals may be of any intensity depending only on the strength of the signals.

Switch S controls also another series of Thus, when switch S is on point 1 and the coils and assist; shunt coils ((-g in'obtaiiv mg acc'uraei of the meter readings.

Switch-S is pivoted at X and iii its movement thereon controls both sets ot-co ls, the

upper set a{ -and the'loiver 'sct h--o, so that. both sets are operated in fixed relation to 'oneanother to permit the timely function-' ing of one set of coils relative to the other.

Each of the coils.a comprising both sets is.an impedance or' inductance coil construt-ted to i'esei'nble telephone T in electrical functioning (but these coils have no' vibrating diaphragm) that is, the electrical .action of each impedance coil resembles the electrical actionof the telephone coil, quite irrespective (If the variations of the shunt coils a -g/. The object of this is to insure the same relative \alues of current for an and all frequencies of the current to be measured, in

measured.

all-thecircu'its of the meter; thatis,tocaus'je,

the effective inductance and resistance ofall 'the meter circuits-to be changed to exactly the same extent bv changes in.the-freque1ic of uiesuppiiea current whiclr is to- 'be.

' Fig. 52 shows a construction for-sai'd' ini- "ped'aiic'e coils-'ltopermit-said functioniiiglike v the telephone ii -the case where teleplioiieg'll- "of similar.inaterial and dimensions, an ii I sulating spool O of similar (111118 1810115.111-

'is one' of the; 1

ceive rs now ordinarily ise(l1 The ii'n. pedance coil of. Fig. 2 resembles the c'oili'of the telephone; T in hav ng a polep ece-th irinding I ofinsiilatetl wire, and a. soft yoke Y 1) t\1'tl- \?-.C10 $1l1g theginagnetm circni-t,

of the'pole-pieceL but separated 'froni it by pursuant to the general object of producing in compact form an electric and a magnetic ctroniagneti'cjtelephone-ij'ephone, asdescribed above, for the purpose of simulating the telephone in respect of having the same variationineddyourrent and hysteresisloss'es with cl' ang'e' of frequency of applied cur-rents.- This imped- .ti\'e inductance and,i'esistance and from ance coil ;-is' then measured tor its efi'eo that data the phase angle .is calculated. If i the phase. angle of the impedance coil then of this invention .;is "not a r apparatus treiiie'.p i '-ecisio1i(be ng"iset '11 maki'n estimates. of sound-in ens y fore it' is not iiecessaryto ad] u -"-;above constantsof the ,1i n

f closer than-within a few per (litters from that of the telephone, its air gap G will be rai-ied until, upon re-measure-- ment of the coil, and recalculation, the coil is shown to harethe same phase angle-as the telephone. In general, l'ioi\'e\ 'er ,the' iiieter value-theoretically. a Iii-sh. i nipe'claiice coil of Fig. imtialhtl'n p'ilicatefso 1 nd ina ,thej iin 'iedaiiceTcoillivill ch.

be same extent as the changes in resistance s'uchrdi-tl'erent -f eiii-ploj'ingth resistance of: thefiiinpeda'n'ce coil tofexactly the same extent as 'tl ev will aft'ectE-the'i' ig e- .912%.

eta-tents to {lie measuma: h ch -traverse them, to iactly .of the winding of th itlepliones'llits lffor ing I of the impedance s 't'hat used for the winding'of-teleplioneT' (such asicopper" :WIL'E) changes in temperature-wtll'ntfectthe 7 1 r sistance of telephone 1.- lhe number of J turns of .wire '--on spool O of the impedance 'coil, and even the diameter of such (oil, may

circuit which shallhey a substantial (ll11)li- 1i0l-l).(5 the-same'asin'telephone'l, but they cateof the electromagnetic telephone T.

The proper amount of magnetic leakage in the magnetic circuit of the impedance coil, that is, the proper gap G dep'endsupon the. leakage or gap in the telephone instrument -T. Some designs of electromagnetic telephones have greater air-gaps and leakage than others, and in order-to produce a meter best adapted tor use .with a given design of telephone receiver, it is necessary to pro-- .ciesot' current traversing its winding. then constructir g an lliiptdzllitc coil like that of Fig. "2, giving it some arbitrary gap G and arbitrary depth and size of w ndin I, and making it otherwise the same as t e telenia bedeterniined by the requirements of: the design of any given type of the'ineter' in respect of inductance and resistance of--- any given one of all of theimpedance'coils a--0. The upper set of coils a (Fig. 1)" in seriesiritl'i each other constitute a shunt relatiye to telephone. T. i

Theloii'er set of coils lz-'o in. series with series with both the parallel branch circuits T and u.'-g respectively.

The sum of-tlie in'ipedance of shunt coils u (Fig. l) is made equal to the impedance of telephone T. The impedance of any one of these shunt coils a-; is at the discretion of the designer and depends on how many units of audibility it is desired each other, constitl'it'e an arrangement in 'to have indic'ated by the numbering on a given switchpoint. In the case s hown,' certain' switch points are omitted as follows, as indicated by the marking on the switchpoints, 7, 9, 11- 14. The reason for this In Fig. l the proper values of the coils are not attempted to be shown.

In the position or switch'S shown, in contact with point 1, which is the position indicating unit audibility when the telephoneresponse is barely audible, the shunt coils, e.--g are cut out of, shunt relation to telephone T-and all of the current to be measured isv passing through telephone-T in'the main circuit of the binding posts M, M

This switch position on point 1 is the position when the meter is connected in circuit hut not necessarily being used, the telephone being then in normal receiving use,

and having an intensity of operation wholly independent of the meter and dependent solely on conditions outside the meter-,such that the intensity of response may be many times a'udihi-lity notwithstanding that switch S is in contact with unit audi-bility point 1.

In the position of switch S shown, on points 1 and 1, shunt coils ag are cut out of circuit by anysuitable arrangement such as that shown as follows (Figs. 1 and 3).

An insulating projection U from switch S pushes a contact springJ out of contact with another contact spring K, said two springs being connected respectively to telephone T and to the. series of shunt coils 01/ 9. In all positions of switch S other than. on points 1 and l springs J and-K contact with each other so that a greater or less number of the coils w-g are cut in efi'ective shunt to,

telephone T, the number of coils so cut in being dependent on the particular switch point of 2 to 15 with which switch S is in contact. r.

I111 order to measure audib lity 1n respect -of any given current, the operator moves switch S from switch-point to switch-point until he canjust barely hear the sound in the telephone; In this operation coils a-g are 4 successively cut in or out of effective shunt to telephone T so that more or less of the current to be measured is diverted from the branch containing telephone .T to the shunt impedancecoils The other end of switch S contacts with points Int-15a to control the compensating impedance coils h0. In the switch position'shown, with the switch ends respectively on points .1 and 1a, none of either the upperor lower set of impedance coils is circuit;

Cihen. switch 3 contact with points a and 2a, springs .T and hi with each other and all of the shunt cciis are connected in shunt to m na er and one (It) of the lower set of coilsis connected in vseries with saidtwo shunts. Coil It has impedance equal to half that of telephone (and therefore half of shunt coils a-g,

which have a total impedance equal to the impedance of telephone T). In'this position of switch S on points 2,.2a,- therefore, the impedance in the main-circuit, of the parallel branches T and a-g,ri's half what the. impedance was in the main circuit when the switch S was in contact with points 1 andla, (when there was no impedance in shunt to the telephone) c. it is half the imped- I ance of telephone T. ence the inclusion of series coil h, which was half. the impedanceof telephone T, maintains thesame total impedance in themaincircuit asbefore, notwithstanding that -in this position of the switch are, 2a half of the current is being diverted from telephone T. and through; shunt COIIS'M Q.

J When switchv v S makes contact with point 3, shunt coil-a, is removed from the shunt to telephone T and is shifted to-the telephone 7 branch circuit itself; At this time series coil iis added. to coil k in series therewith, in

orderto compensate for said shift of shunt coil (1. This-addition of coil i is effected by t-hecontact of switch S with point 3a." Simi-' larly, for-the rest of positions of switch S, each, of the. remaining" compensating coilsj-,o has its impedance of suchvalue' that the impedance of the main. circuit is always the Q same, with the result that the current to be measured always remains" constant and the meter to that ext'ent gives accurate readings.

The values of 'allthese coils depend-"upon: the direct current resistance-of the particu- 1211 telephone receiver used and they are" calr culated according .to -formulae specified here'- inafter.

In Fig.1 the current to be measuredlflows 3 m a circuit" derived from a condenser C which is connected in a local circuit'of-a radio receiving system, as indicated dia:

grammatically; condenser C'beingin series with a r'adiodetector 'D. While the improved meter is extremely useful in radio' work where the audible frequencies may differ within Wld' llmltS on different 00. casions of use of the, meter, nevertheless this meter may be used to measure any telephone currents wherever existing, such as on the ordinarv wire lines.

In Fig. l the audibilitv steps are shown only from 1--15. In radio Work, however, where the{ intensity or audibilityof received signals differs within wide limits while using the meter, a much larger number "of steps is preferred. The steps preferably also are so proportioned as to glveincreases of equal percentages Inasmuch as the human ear difficulty in discriminating between which do not differ by more than per Wi t in intensity, an ideal scale would a 1; 1, 2 1, 44, etc, each. step being twenty per cent. higher. But as this gives a scale of fractional audibility numbers, a

scale is preferred for practical use as follows :-1, 2, 3, 4, 5', 6, 8, 10, (as in Fig. 1) and thenc'e'by increases of ten units each up to 60 and then by units each, etc, (as

' shown in the first table below and in Fig. 3) i. 6., so as to give an average interval increase of thirty four percent. between. ad-f jacent switch points. For more precise work, the user can often place the audlblhty of recelved signals by car, as intermediate two switch points, giving thereby an average interval of seventeen per cent.

In the design of a meter embodying the invention, the first step is to design an impedance coil (Fig. 2) having the same phase for the impedance coils may be assumed for I the purpose of this description to be on the basis of a telephone winding having a resistance of 2000 ohms,-a common value for telephones used 1n radio;

sistance of the total shunt impedance when here R is the telephone resistance, and N is the numerical value of the switch point, the formula for the calculation of the reswitch S contacts with the particular switch point, is 2R+N.' For example, take switch point 3, of Fig. 1. When switch S contacts with that point 3, coils bg are in shunt. The tot-a1 resistance of those coils then is, according to the. above formula, 4000-93, which equals 1333 ohms. Similarly for the total resistance of the coils in shunt at each of the other switch points. The resistance for each coil is obtained by simple subtraction. v

The formula for the resistance of the series compensating coils i-o, that is, for the total resistance of all those coils in circuit at any. one switch point, is

' The reason for this formula is as follows.-

1 1 T .23 +1 "N N At any given switch point beginning with 3, a right hand portion of the shunt coils is in series with telephone T, and the left ance of the coil .h

resistance as determined by hand portion of the shunt -coils is in shunt to the telephone. The resistance in the main circuit M, M, atany time, so faras concerns the resistance in the telephone branch and in the shunt to the telephone, is the sum of two resistances in multiple. And the sum of multiple resistance is the reciprocal of the sum of their reciprocals. A simple example under this formula is the case of switch point 2a; for when swi h S is at this point it is also at point 2 where all the shuntcoils are in shunt to thetelephone, and as they have" a total resistance equal to that assumed forthe telephone- (2000 ohms), it is obvious that compensating coil 72, (included in series at-switch point 2a) should have a resistance of 1000 ohms.' And that is the result of substituting in the above formula, 2000 for R and 2 for N and adding 1000 for h to the result. Similarly the proper sum of the resistancesof series coils I2. and 71, (included in series at point 3a) is, found to be 1112 ohms by substituting 2000 and '3 for R and Njin the above formula and adding 1000 for hto the result. That is to say the total resist-' ance in the compensating circuit is the resistplus the resistance called forby the forniula- The following table contains the resistance of the shunt coils of a form of meter embodying the invention and now'in extensive use. The telephone had 2000- ohms resistance and the meter was adapted to it b having 2000 ohms in the total shunt cois. In this table, (which appertains to the particu' lar commercialembodiment shown'in Figs.

3 and 4;) the numbers-in the left hand column indicate theswitc h points in Fig. 1 (and 23 additional switch points) ;'the middle column contains thetotaliresistance of all the coils in shunt to telephone T, at the switch points-of the first column; and the right hand column specifies the lettering in "fl-,- 11-0" Fig.1 of the coils so cut in (so far as shown inFig. 1)..

Switch The resistance ofany one coil can be ob- 20 tainedby subtraction.

Thefollowing table gives the resistance of the series compensatingcoils h0, etc, of.

Fig. 1, in the same meter as the above table,

adapted to the same'telephone, of 2000 ohms. I

1 Switch 7 Y Series was points. Ohms. in Fig. 1. 1a 0 None.

2a 100 h 3a' 1112 4a 1250 -h-y'-' 5a 1358 h]c 6a 1466 h-l 8a 1562 10a 1640 k/n a 1752 Etc. a 1810 Not shown in Fig. 1. a 1872 40a 1902 7 a 1922 a 1934: 1 a 1950 a .1960 150a 1974 200a 1980 300a 1986 400a .1990 500a 1992 600a 1994 800a 1995 1000a 1996 1500a 1997 2000a 1998 3000a 1999 4000a 2000 5000a 2000 6000a 2000 8000a 2000 100000 2000 In the commercial embodiment of Figs. 3 and 4, the two sets of shunt and series 1mpedance coils arelocated in two annular groups, the shunt coils a-gm the outer group and the series coils h'0 n a concenseries coils h0.

trio inner group (Fig. 3). These coils are supported on the lower side of the 'cover of the casing (Fig. 4). On top of the cover are mounted the switch points. The outer annular series of switch points 1 to 10,000 are for the shunt coils -ag; and the inner. concentric series of switch points are for the The switch here is modi-v fied in accord with the difierent form of arrangement of coils and switch points as (30m,-

pared withFig. 1. Herethe switch instead of extending on opposite sides of its pivot X, as in Fig.1, has, two parts S S"-, (Fig. 1) extending from the same side of its pivot X. These two parts are electrically. con? nected together at the pivot X, and their outer ends contact respectively with the outer and inner annular series of contact pointsfParts J K and U of Figs, 3 and 4 correspond with the parts so lettered On'Fig. las described-above. My priorv audibility meter, on which this invention is an improvement, was inaccurate in measurement, such inaccuracy having been due to causes which I conceived and therefore proceeded to eliminate by the pro-- vision of modified constructions. The prior meter-consistedmerely of a-variable ohmic resistance shunted across the telephone terminals, and proportioned to' the resistance of the telephone, and provided with aswitch to progressively vary the-amount of resistance 'in shunt to the telephone.

' -My conception on which the inventionis based was that the non-inductive character ofthe shunt of the prior meter was one causeof inaccuracy, and that accuracy wouldbe increased. f the shunt consisted of 1m- -pedance coils, electrically similar to the telephone receiver, andthis for the following reasons as I conceived them. Telephone currents, being alternating or pulsating,;divide between the telephone and the'shuntin a ratio which depends on the ratio of the impedance of the two branch circuits. The resistance. of 'the branch includingthe tele phone is chiefly that of the impedance of the telephone winding itself, and that impede ance is a function ofthe trequency of the current to be measured, and hence variable. Therefore, with a-shunt consisting of a simple non-inductive resistance, the audibil-ity readings would be reliable for onlyone frequencya The above I conceived to be one reason for the inaccuracy of the prior meter;

particularly when used to'nieasure telephone currents in radio where they are ofvarious widely different frequencies.

Another reason which I conceived to be accountable for the inaccuracy of the prior meter was that the variationof the resist-ance shunt caused an alteration of the current to be measured, due to the fact that the detector circuit, to which the meter-telephone is connected, usually has a high resistance of an order comparable with that of the telephone receiver itself. In certain cases in radio, as .whenthe detector employed was of the andion or. thermionic type, the change infimpedance and resistance in 'thecircu t "of the plate or-of the wing of the audion, whiclrr'esulted rom a variation of the re- 7 sistanceshunt, was usually accompanied by I a change ofnot merely the intensity but also the quality or pitchot the response or note of the telephone receiver, which, of course,

vmade the meter readings meaningless, be-' cause the effect of the change in the note on jintensity'of the response. My further conception on which the inventlon isbased, was

the ear of the'gjoperator prevented a proper aural determination by him of the degree of that althoughthe shunt of the prior meter it would. not permit accuracy in measuring the .current desired to be measured, et increased accuracy might be obta ned y providingcompensating resistances which would maintain a constant resistance to and therefore a constant'value of the current to be measured.

The inaccuracy meter is now fully accounted for by the 1 improved meter 'i -adapted to measurel accurately the audib-ility of anytelephone cur.-.

above causes, because .the present invention, which eliminates such causes, has been provedto provide complete accuracy. The

rent, no matter what the frequency may be. The variable shunt resistance in the form of impedance like that ofthe telephone itself, causes the current to be measured to divide. between the telephone and the shunt resistance in a ratiov dependent solely on the amount of resistance inthe parallelcircuits, .40

and not at all upon the vfrequency of the cur rent to be measured, 'Also the provision of the series compensating impedance; coils causes the total impedance of the main circuit (and in a radio use, of the detector circuit) to be kept constant throughout all variations of the shunt to the telephone receiver,.so that the current to be measured is kept constant throughout such variations.

. as (This is true even when the meter is designed, as above, on the basis of a telephone- The, disclosed embodiment, where the shunt coils tolthe right of a given switch point (Fig. 1) are putin series with telephone T, is. very advantageous because it permitsv the use of a telephone re ceive r ofany resistance, for the purpose of measuring the relative strength of two or more c1rcu1ts.

- having a specified resistance). That is, with a telephone of any resistance other than the 2000 ohms assumed, above, readings with switch S at points 2, 3, 4, etc., w1ll give audibili-ties'proportional-to those steps, even although such 'readings will not be 1n acculj'atexmnltiples of'unit audibility; Inthe case of many measurements in radio itis not of the prior anaibua cate galvanometers.

readings consisting necessary to obtain readings which are in multiples of unit audibility, all that is desired in the case of such iiieasiiieif ents be ing an accurate comparison of the effective values of different supplied currents.

"Within the broader aspects of the invention, however, the impedances of the shunt i may be removed from the shunt in any other i of the known ways than by sh fting to series with the telephone v(as by shortc-ircuiting or opeirclrcultlng) 1n. which case the 1mpedance values will be proportioned differently from the formulae and tables above.

In such cases, however, the telephone used with the meter must have the resistance used in calculating the impedance values; and then the meter may be usedeither to obtain readings of multiple unit audibility or to obtain readings of relative audible'efi'ect of two or more supplied 'Cairrents-of difllerent values. In the latter case, the meter is operated as in the former case, but it is used on each'of the different currents supplied,

the readings being taken from'the switch points on which switch S rests when the telephone-response is just barely audible, and those readings show the relative values of the supplied currents in terms of their ability to operate the telephone. Thei'mpedance values in this general case will be determined by the impedance/of the telephone which is to be'used with the meter, and-will be simply fractional parts of the telephone impedance which parts'correspond with the audibility steps (switch points) desired the designer.

There are similarities between, on the one hand, audibility meters of .the prior art and of this invention, and on the other hand,

betweenthis invention'and the various gala vanometer shunts which have been known and used-for many years for the'purpose of definitely reducing too heavy currents desired to be measured by sensitive and deli- These similarities are merely superficial, however, not only as to the purpose and mode of use but also as to structure and arrangement of parts, parsistances, proportionateto theresistance of the telephone in order to permit various audibility readings, are placed in shunt to thev telephone, said improvement comprising means .for increasing-"the accuracy of such shunt, having j the l'. f

impedance coils possessing electric and; magnetic properties 'esistances for said .similar to those'of-the telephone receiver itself; and switching means for shifting said-impedances progressively from shunt to series relation'to the telephone, whereby relative audibility readings may be obtained if. respective of the resistance of the telephone receiver employed.

2. As an improvement upon a meter of the audible eflect of electric currents on an electromagnetic telephone receiver, wherein resistances proportioned to the resistance of thetelephone in order to permitvarious audioility readings, are placed in shunt to. the telephone; said improvement comprising means for increasing'the accuracy of such readings consisting of resistances for said current to be measured; said 'compensatingf shunt having theform of impedance coils possessing electric and magnetic properties similar to those of the telephone receiver itself, andv consisting of additional impedanc'e coils connected in series with both the elephone. and its said shunt and having their impedances proportioned to permit compensation for the variations of said shunt andthereby maintain constant the impedances also having electric and magnetic properties similarto those of the tel phone receiver; and switching means when by the coils in both said sets of'shunt and series coils may be operated simultaneously 3.' As an improvement upon a meter of the audible effect of electric currents on an electromagnetic telephone receiver, wherein resistances proportioned to the resistance of the telephone in order to' permit various audibility readings are placed in shunt to the telephor said improvement .compr slng means for increasing the accuracy of such readings consisti ng of resistances for said shunt havlng the form of lmpedance coils possessing electric and magnetic properties "similar to those of the telephone receiver itself.

4. As an improvement upon a meter of the audible effect of electriccurrents on an elec- I tromagnetic telephone receiver, wherein reslstances, PIOPOItlOIlBdiLQ the resistance of the current to be measured; and switching means whereby the shunt and series resistances may be operated slmultaneously.

5. As an improvement upon a meter of the audible efiect of electric currents ona telephone receiver, wherein resistances proportioned to the resistance of'the telephone in order to permit various audibility readings placed in shunt to the telephone, said improvement comprising means for increasing the accuracy of-such readings consisting Of resistances for said shunt possessing alternating current reactance and having elect-rical properties similar to those of the telephone receiver itself.

GREENL EAF WHITTIER PIOKARD.

in the presence of A. B. I-IEALY, M. A. FLANDEns; 

